The questionnaires were in English, with occasional use of words and phrases from the Malay language to enhance item clarity. All of the items were extensively pilot tested to ensure the relevance of variables assessed and the meaning of iterns to representatives of the young Malay college student population.
Item content and provided response alternatives were known to be relevant to the respondents on the basis of extensive previous exploratory studies involving this population. The titles of the three questionnaires listed below were not used when the survey was conducted. Students were asked to rate how much turmoil or indecision they experienced over various dimensions of lifestyle, values, and approaches to social interaction shown in previous research by the first author to be problematic for this population.
Descriptive analyses were conducted on all variables to provide a general picture of the prevalence of stress and coping phenomena in the population. Correlational analyses were conducted to identify patterns of significant associations among variables within and between questionnaires.
Principal component factor analyses with varimax rotation were conducted to reduce the data on the Sources of Stress, Stress Symptoms and Inner Conflict Questionnaires, and to illuminate underlying dimensions that accounted for patterns of responses to these three main questionnaires. Chi-Square analyses and T- tests were used to explore gender differences in experiences of stress. Among the respondents, Chi Square analysis revealed no significant differences between men and women in the frequency of reports of high stress.
Among Stress symptoms Questionnaire. Table 1 shows the cumulative percent of respondents who reported that they "frequently" or "often" experienced a problem on the Stress Symptoms Questionnaire. Tests revealed that men and women differed significantly in their experiences of stress all results were significant at the. Women reported significantly more frequent headaches, gastric problems, depression, loneliness, homesickness, and feelings of being unable to cope. Men reported significantly more frequent insomnia, increased smoking, and absence from classes.
As shown on Table 2, the factors were labeled on the basis of high loading i terns: Overwhelmed, Depression and Marginal Adjustment. T Tests revealed significantly higher scores overall among women on all three factors of the Stress Symptoms Questionnaire.
Inner Conflicts Questionnaire Among the 15 approach avoidance conflicts shown in previous research to be sources of stress or internal turmoil for this student population, four received low mean ratings among both men and women, where low ratings indicate sources of more stress. These factors accounted for a total of They were labeled to reflect the apparent general theme of high loading items.
In order of the amount of variance they accounted for, they were: 1 Religion and Culture Correlational analyses explored associations between these three Inner Conflict dimensions and other items on the questionnaires. By far the greatest number of concomitant problems with stress in all areas of students' experiences were associated with inner conflicts concerning Self-expression versus Constraint and Conformity.
Composite ratings indicating more inner conflict over Self-expression were associated with regretting the choice of college program, low perceived social support, low optimism and clarity about the future, low satisfaction with self, strained relationships with peers, stress-related symptoms of all kinds, difficulty meeting the academic expectations of the college program, and gender-role conflict.
Sources of Stress Factor analysis of the Sources of Stress Questionnaire yielded a nine factor solution rotated to the varimax criterion. The 9 factors accounted for a total of Labels were assigned to the factors on the basis of high loading iterns on each factor, as shown in Table 4. For example, high loadings on the Future factor reflected high ratings of stress about a cluster of issues concerning anticipations about the future, having clear goals, and feeling that one is on the path to a satisfying career.
Correlational analyses explored associations between these major stress-engendering areas of experience and other aspects of these young people's lives. Correlations discussed below were significant at the. Significant correlations were found between the Future factor and nearly every other measure of personal and academic stress, including most items on the Stress Symptoms Questionnaire, virtually every item on the Inner Conflicts Questionnaire, except the two conflicts relevant only to men, and low grades in academic coursework.
High loadings on the Academic factor reflected high ratings of stress about being able to cope with the academic expectations of the college and of family members. High loadings on the Family Conflict factor reflected conflict with family members. This factor was significantly correlated with most Stress Symptoms, and with virtually all of the Inner Conflict dimensions, including the ones for men and for women.
This factor was not correlated with academic performance. High loadings on the factor labeled Rejection appeared to reflect a kind of interpersonal difficulty resembling unrequited love or infatuation. It was correlated significantly with low grades, with the Stress Symptom items reflecting overall mild Depression, and with turmoil over Religion and Culture assessed on the Inner Conflicts Questionnaire.
Similarly, high loadings on the Social factor, reflecting difficulty with roommates and hostel life, were significantly correlated with Stress Symptoms typically associated with mild Depression, and with Self-Expression items on the Inner Conflicts Questionnaire. Three factors assessed on the Sources of Stress Questionnaire were not significantly correlated with many individual items or derived factors on the Stress Symptoms Questionnaire or Inner Conflicts Questionnaire.
These were: 1 Family Separation, reflecting basic homesickness; 2 Extracurricular Obligations, reflecting feeling pressure to participate in campus social organizations; and 3 Self-Care, reflecting difficulty with self-direction and taking care of practical needs. T-Tests revealed significantly higher stress among women on the Academic factor and the Family Separation factor. Men tended to show a pattern of ratings reflecting significantly higher stress with respect to Social relationships, Self-Care, Extracurricular Obligations, and using English.
Intercorrelations among Stress symptoms, Stressors, and Conflicts. Correlation matrices among individual items and among factors on each of the three questionnaires are shown on Tables 5 and 6. The matrices point to certain Sources of Stress that were significantly associated with a large number of Inner Conflicts and Stress Symptoms. About one-quarter of the students reported high frequencies of problems that are generally accepted as symptoms of stress, including: depression, headaches, poor concentration due to personal problems, loneliness, and anxiety.
The pattern of findings in this study suggests that it is not the transition from family to college that figures most centrally in students' experiences of stress.
Rather, the most troublesome stressors involved daily confrontations with academic task demands, uncertainty about whether the pursuit of a college degree in a particular major was likely to lead eventually to satisfaction in the future, unresolved conflict with family members, and personal dilemmas about whether to express oneself in everyday life situations. These findings are consistent with theory and research emphasizing the contributions of chronic, role-related stressors to the individual's evaluation of the amount of stress they are experiencing overall Chamberlain et al.
As a group, students reported high levels of inner turmoil about religious and cultural alignments and role expectations. Among the post troublesome conflicts were: 1 whether to express themselves openly versus hiding their actual feelings and views; 2 whether to obey elders and subjugate their own preferences "in the Malay way" versus becoming "modern" and "going for real wants even if these go against the elders"; 3 whether to embrace leisure activities and modes of dress identified with Western cultures versus retaining Malay dress and Islamic restraints on leisure activities; and 4 whether to follow Malay traditions even when they go against Islam versus following only Islam.
High levels of conflict on these dimensions were significantly associated with stress-related symptoms and with low levels of satisfaction and optimism about the future. These findings are not surprising given the dramatic religious, cultural and social shifts that have occurred in Malay society in the past decade.
St ep s need to be t ak en to ensure that these approa ches are relevant and responsive to th e array of personal dilemmas that student s identified as ma j or sources of stress.
For example , st udents may benefit from bein g offered more information, discussion, and choice about what life goals to pursue. St udents need to perceive a close correspondence between their academic programmes, th eir personal lif e goals and their cu ltural role expe ctations. Policies and activities that fost er a campus community characteriz ed by tolerance of creative expressiveness wou ld pro bably minimiz e one important contributor to stress among students.
Su bseq uent analyses of th e da ta o btained in th e present in vestigation will explore relationships among personality chara ct eristics, motives, beliefs about th e situation, and indicators of coping effectiveness amon g stu dents.
An investigation of personal and academic stressors on college campuses. Journal of C ollege Student Personnel, May, Chamberlain, K. The minor e v ent s approa ch to stress: Support for the use of daily hassles. British Journal of Psych ology, 81, Delongis, A. The impa ct of daily st ress on h ealth and moo d: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and So cial Psychology, 54, Erikson , E. Childhoo d and so ciety 2nd ed. N ew Y ork: N orton.
Folkman, S. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Environmental stress and the biological clock in plants: Changes of rhythmic behavior of carbohydrates, antioxidant enzymes and stomatal resistance by salinity Journal of Plant Physiology, Rios Gonzalez. A short summary of this paper.
Environmental stress and the biological clock in plants: Changes of rhythmic behavior of carbohydrates, antioxidant enzymes and stomatal resistance by salinity. Box , H Hungary Received August 6, Accepted October 23, Summary In this report, the influence of environmental stress as effector on rhythmic phenomena in plants is dis- cussed based on data from literature and from own studies.
In our experiments, the effects ofNaCI salinity O, 50, and mM on the levels of total soluble carbohydrates and on the activities of the antioxi- dant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, were followed as the function of time in young winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. Salinity effects on stomatal movements of the halophytic Asln' tripolium L. Periodicity was calculated by Fourier analysis. The results indicate that the fluctuations in the above functions were modulated by the stressor suggesting the connection between environmental stress and biological rhythmicity.
On the basis of these observations and literature data we hypothesize that the stressor may modify and desynchronize the biochemical and physiological oscillations by acting either on the input from receptor till oscillator or on the output from the oscillator till the oscillating component pathways. Key words: Asln' tripolium L. Introduction neberg, ; Golden et al. KovAcs, B. T6TH, and A.
Treatments Roenneberg, is the light in a temperature-compensated with NaCl at 0, 50, and mM concentrations started on the manner, other environmental factors are also known as mod- 12th day and were followed by hourly sampling for 60 hours. After the measurement of fresh weight of roots and shoots, samples were ifiers of the parameters of rhythmicity. Kocsy et al. Mahrt et al. Measurements were done along Environmental information finds its way towards the cen- the lengths of fully developed leaves on both the adaxial and abaxial tral clock by entrainment input , resulting in an altered sides.
The homoge- lation, or, even more direcdy, by influencing their activity. The colour change was monitored by a spectrophotometer at nm. The iso- port based models were suggested to be in the background of enzymes were identified by using native gel electrophoresis and dif- oscillating processes Njus et al.
Although it cannot ferential inhibition by KCN and H 20 2 Beauchamp and Fridovich, be generalized, it is quite plausible to suppose that ultradian ; Dhindsa et al. These data will be dis- Changes in total sugar concentration was followed colorimetri- cussed in terms of the concept of environmental stress, stress cally Dubois et al. Total soluble protein content was estimated spectrophotometri- response and adaptation in accordance with the concept of cally using bovine albumin as standard Lowry et al.
According to 9ur hypothesis, the stressor brings about the modification and desynchronization Fit ofperiodicity by Fourier transformation of oscillations of biochemical and physiological processes For the calculation of different periodicities, Fourier analysis was alarm phase by acting either on the input from receptor till carried out by a radix-2 fast Fourier transform algorithm im- oscillator or on the output from the oscillator till the oscil- plemented in the MATLAB 4.
Stage of resistance, or acclimati- Mathworks Inc. In other words, the number of data points N determines the between them, on a manner which corresponds to the new resolution causing problems only at the low frequency limit, how- environmental conditions, ensures maximal resistance for the ever, unresolved components can be assembled by the linear combi- organism.
Frequency filtering was performed by an in- the recent revival and acceleration of the development of the verse Fourier transform of the truncated frequency spectra, employ- Selyean theory of stress Erdei et al.
Irradiance was toperiod. E peared in the salt treated series. The amplitude of the circa- dian period has changed intensively but without showing a consequent trend: at intermediate salt concentrations the -o ::J W C 3 2 amplitude decreased, while it increased at the highest treat- en ment of mM NaCl Fig. Of the oscillating enzyme activities, GR activity revealed 1 the most interesting characteristics. It is seen in Fig. Ii" 60 :! Samples were 6rr Dark periods 12 h are represented by the thick sections of the abscissa.
Symbols are as in A. This phenomenon is similar to that observed for the SOD activity in Fig. In roots, GR activity had a very well-defined periodicity and the 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 amplitude enhancement at higher salinity concentrations was Period fraction hours clearly expressed Figs. Among the Fourier transforms, there are examples that Fig.
Samples were taken suggest the presence of more than one period governing the hourly for 48 hours. Dark periods 12 h are represented by the thick oscillating phenomenon in question e. SOD activity, Figs. Symbols: full line, control 0 mM NaC! B tering was performed by an inverse Fourier transform of the The Fourier components of the curves in A. MAR, A. DBR curves were compared to the original experimental curves. To 40 illustrate the operation of one or more oscillators, oscillations of different complexities are shown in Fig.
The first two -j c 35 A examples Fig. The mech- w anism of the control of transpiration by stomatal movements a 10 involves massive ion transport through channels.
In the ha-! Sampling fre- o 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 quency, experimental time and symbols are as in Fig. B The Time hours Fourier components of the curves in A. In higher plants, there is a large number of genes FJgo 3: A Changes in the levels of glutathione reductase activity in under the control of a circadian clock.
Most significantly, the the leaves of control and NaCI-treated wheat plants. Sampling fre- family of Lhc genes, which code the components of the light quency, experimental time and symbols are as in Fig. Oscillations of different com-.!!
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